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Simple theorems in set theory

We list without proof several simple properties of these operations. These properties can be visualized with Venn diagrams.

PROPOSITION 1: For any sets A, B, and C:

  • A ∩ A = A;
A ∪ A = A;
A \\ A = {};
A ∩ B = B ∩ A;
A ∪ B = B ∪ A;
(A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C);
(A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C);
C \\ (A ∩ B) = (C \\ A) ∪ (C \\ B);
C \\ (A ∪ B) = (C \\ A) ∩ (C \\ B);
C \\ (B \\ A) = (A ∩ C) ∪ (C \\ B);
(B \\ A) ∩ C = (B ∩ C) \\ A = B ∩ (C \\ A);
(B \\ A) ∪ C = (B ∪ C) \\ (A \\ C);
A ⊆ B if and only if A ∩ B = A;
A ⊆ B if and only if A ∪ B = B;
A ⊆ B if and only if A \\ B = {};
A ∩ B = {} if and only if B \\ A = B;
A ∩ B ⊆ A ⊆ B;
A ∩ {} = {};
A ∪ {} = A;
{} \\ A = {};
A \\ {} = A.

PROPOSITION 2: For any universal set U and subsets A, B, and C of U:
  • A'' = A;
B \\ A = A' ∩ B;
(B \\ A)' = A ∪ B';
A ⊆ B if and only if B' ⊆ A';
A ∩ U = A;
A ∪ U = U;
U \\ A = A';
A \\ U = {}.

PROPOSITION 3 (distributive laws): For any sets A, B, and C:
(a) A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C);
(b) A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C).

The above propositions show that the power set P(U) is a Boolean lattice.

Copyright 2004. All rights reserved.