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Meiji Emperor

Mutsuhito,Meiji Emperor (明治天皇) (3 November 1852-30 July 1912) was122nd EmperorJapan. Attimehis birth1852, Japan was an isolated, preindustrial, feudal country dominated byTokugawa Shogunate andDaimyo, who ruled overcountry's more than 250 decentralized domains. Bytimehis death1912, Japan had undergonepolitical, social,industrial revolution at homeemerged as one ofgreat powers onworld stage.

The Emperor Meiji wassurviving son ofEmperor Kōmei bylady-in-waiting Nakayama Yoshiko (1834-1907),daughterLord Nakayama Tadayasu, sometime minister ofleft (sadaijin) andscion ofFujiwara. He was born eight months beforearrivalCommodore Matthew Perry andU.S. squadron"black ships"Edo Baytwo years beforefirst ofso-called unequal treaties whichTokugawa shogunate signedPerry. Originally titled Sachi no miya (Prince Sachi),future emperor spent mostchildhood atNakayama householdKyoto, aswas customaryentrustupbringimperial childrenprominent court families. He was formally adopted by Asako Nyōgō (later Empress Dowager Eishō),principal consortEmperor Kōmei, on 11 July 1860. He also receivedpersonal name Musuhito,rankshinnō (imperial prince,thuspotential successor tothrone) andtitleKotashi (crown prince) onsame day. Crown Prince Mutsuhito ascended tothrone on 3 February 1867 atagefifteen, takingtitleMeiji, or “enlightened ruler”.

On 11 January 1867,Emperor Meiji married Lady Haruko (28 May 1849-19 April 1914,third daughterLord Ichijō Tadaka, sometime minister ofleft (sadaijin)). Known posthumously as Empress Shoken, she wasfirst imperial consortreceivetitlekogo (literally,emperor's wife, translated as empress consort),several hundred years. Although she wasfirst Japanese empressplaypublic role, she bore no children. Emperor Meiji had fifteen children by five official ladies-in-waiting. Only fivehis children,prince bornLady Naruko (1855-1943),daughterYanagiwara Mitsunaru,four princesses bornLady Sachiko (1867-1947),eldest daugtherCount Sono Motosachi, livedadulthood. They were:

The Meiji Emperor wassymbolic leader ofMeiji Restoration,whichTokugawas were deposed by Imperial forces. The Charter Oath,five-point statement ofnature ofnew government abolished feudalismproclaimedmodern democratic governmentJapan. Althoughparliament was formed,had no real power,neither did Meiji. Power had passed fromTokugawa intohands ofDaimyo who had ledRestoration. Japan was thus controlled by an oligarchy, which comprisedmost powerful men ofmilitary, political,economic spheres.

The Meiji Restoration issourcepride forJapanese, asandaccompanying industrialization allowed Japanbecomepreeminent power inPacific andmajor player inworld withingeneration. Onother hand,issourceshame, aswasbeginningJapan's imperialism inPacificpreparednationjoinBerlin-Rome Axis inthirties.

Meiji's role inRestorationdebatable. He certainly did not control Japan, but how much influence he wieldedunknown. Itunlikelywill ever be clear whether he supportedwars against China (1894-1895)Russia (1904-1905). One offew windows we have into Meiji's own feelingshis poetry, which seemindicatepacifist streak, or at leastman that wished war could be avoided.

Preceded by:
Komei
ListJapanese Emperors Succeeded by:
Yoshihito,Taisho Emperor

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